Executive Summary : | The world's energy demands are increasing rapidly, with fossil fuels being the primary source of energy. Researchers are exploring alternative energy sources, such as sunlight and water, which are abundant and cost-effective. sunlight radiation is larger than current energy requirements, and capturing and utilizing it directly or indirectly can lead to cost-effective hydrogen production. Photochemical and electrochemical water splitting can produce molecular hydrogen, but there are no efficient methods for producing and storing clean hydrogen fuel. The photoelectrochemical (PEC) approach requires efficient, robust photoelectrodes made of organic/inorganic hybrids of carbon nanostructures/metal oxides. conductive carbon nanostructures like Graphdiyne, Graphyne, and Graphones act as efficient electron transfer and protect metal oxide catalysts from decomposition. The next step is to construct a self-sustaining PEC system using a tandem double electrode system. The nature of hybrid PEC catalysts is less explored, but coupling PEC systems with infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopies could provide more insight into active species during catalytic activity. |