Executive Summary : | Neonicotinoids (NeoS) are the class of insecticides can be measured as a landmark in agricultural field. NeoS are potent, wide-ranging insecticide than other insecticide in agricultural fields and it signify 25% of the worldwide insecticide market with a yearly expenditure of $1.9 billion. Seven NeoS are presently used for agricultural fields, including acetamiprid (ACE), clothianidin (CLD), dinotefuran (DTN), imidacloprid (IMI), nitenpyram (NTN), thiacloprid (THD), and thiamethoxam (THM). Among the NeoS accounting for 85% of the sales (thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and clothianidin. The NeoS usage enlarged in various sector such as greenhouse agriculture, foliar sprays, soil drenches, seed coating and etc. About 80–98% of applied NeoS is not absorbed by the crop and subsequently these compounds may reach the soil environment. Worldwide use of NeoS signify a present environmental concern, NeoS are heavily used is China and India which is the foremost producer, consumer, and exporter of their compounds. The minimum and maximal limit of the NeoS were detected in soil, water and sediment at various countries. The NeoS exhibit long half-lives in soil, about 28–6931d which differ in NeoS compounds and soil types. The existing photo-based NeoS degradation research reports based on UV light, sunlight, Xenon lamp and low-high mercury lamp. This proposed project using light emitting diodes in different colour (LEDs lights). LEDs contain a semiconductor diode; the wavelength and colour of the emitted light depend on the properties of the semiconductor material. The different colour LEDs are blue LEDs (460-490 nm); red LEDs (620-645 nm); green LEDs (520-550 nm); and white LEDs (380-780 nm). LED lighting can be constructed to emit very high light fluxes and high light intensities. LEDs have a long lifetime and their small size empowers multipurpose design. Bacterial biodegradation can be cleavage of compounds by bacteria through oxidation and reduction process, the cleaved organic compound used as a source of carbon and energy. Bacteria holds the appropriate metabolic capabilities. Bacterial biodegradation plays a vital role for the elimination of NeoS from contaminated environment. There are several group of bacteria involved degradation of NeoS via deacetylation, C-demethylation and oxidative cleavage of the Ncyanoimine group. In this study bacteria will isolate from NeoS contaminated agricultural soil. This project proposed a novel and new approach of NeoS degradation through combined photo-biodegradation treatment. This proposed project believes NeoS photo-biodegradation treatment is new, should be highly efficient, less energy more convenient, less economic and eco-friendly nature. This photo-biodegradation easily apply to the pilot scale and NeoS contaminated environment especially aquatic environment. |